IBI International Burke Institute

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Resource sovereignty and accumulation in the blue economy: the case of seabed mining in Namibia

07.09.2025 08:45

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“One Namibia, One Nation”? Social Cohesion under a Liberation Movement as Government in Decline

07.09.2025 17:11

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STRATEGIES FOR A SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUND AND EMPOWERMENT FUND IN NAMIBIA

07.09.2025 16:57

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Namibia: a trust betrayed– again?

07.09.2025 15:18

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Namibia Sovereignty Index (Burke Index), 2024-2025

08.09.2025 14:35

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Namibia Is Liberated from South African Control The liberation of Namibia from South African control culminated in its independence on March 21, 1990, marking a significant milestonein the country’s history. Initially under German colonial rule from 1884 until World War I, Namibia, then known as South West Africa, fell under South African administration after the war. Over the subsequent decades, South Africa enforced oppressive policies, including apartheid, which severely restricted the rights of the Namibian black majority. Resistance movements, notably the South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), mobilized both internally and from exile to fight for independence, often facing brutal repression from South African forces.

07.09.2025 16:40

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Assessing Namibia’s performance two decades after independence Part 1: Initial position, external support, regional comparison This paper presents the results of a study which reviews Namibia’s performance over its two decades since independence. The study examines the achievements and shortcomings of the country in various fields: politics, civil society, economy, and social / socio-economic development. The results have been split into two separate but interconnected papers. This first article analyses Namibia’s situation at the dawn of independence, its external support by foreign countries and Namibia’s overall performance as compared to the neighbouring countries Angola, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The present paper evaluates in particular data drawn from the World Bank Development Indicator Database and the 2010 Ibrahim-Index of African Governance. A subsequent second paper will present a more detailed appraisal of the above-mentioned development sectors.

08.09.2025 14:32

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Namibia and the United Nations: A Turning Point in the Understanding of National Sovereignty This paper tries to answer the question that “To what extent did the UN policy in South West Africa represent a successful and legitimate change in attitude and action by the United Nations towards the sovereignty of individual states when compared to indigenous peoples’ right to self-determination?” This paper analyzes to what extent UN involvement in the colony of South West Africa, now known as Namibia, constituted a tangible change in UN, and therefore globally held, views on national sovereignty. Namibia itself has a long and complicated history. The United Nations’ response to the colonization of South West Africa represented a fundamental change in the traditional view of sovereignty, from old view, which held that the sovereign ruler had the right to govern his own territory; to the modern view, which generally holds that people have the sovereign right to self-determination.

07.09.2025 16:50

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The Contradictions of Independence: Namibia in Transition Almost 30 years after other African countries, Namibia finally became free of colonial rule in March 1990. The attainment of formal independence was a momentous occasion, particularly for those who had suffered from the harshness of first German then South African control and who had taken part in the bitter struggle for liberation. For a time, Namibia's independence regenerated the momentum stalled after the liberation of Angola and Mozambique in 1975 and of Zimbabwe in 1980 and gave hope to black South Africans struggling with the same intransigent regime. However, a series of formidable problems have limited the options open to the new SWAPO government. Indeed, at independence Namibia's future was so tightly constrained that its room for manoeuvre, real independence and development was minimal. Few countries have started in such a heavily determined context. The legacy of South African rule included a severe fiscal crisis, a dependent economy, uneven development, and inadequate social services for the black population. While negotiations are underway over the status of Walvis Bay, Namibia's main port, remains under formal South African control. Not surprisingly, the new government has moved cautiously at first, emphasizing national reconciliation and adopting conservative economic policies. This study explores the contradictions posed by the internal and international context within which the Namibian state must operate. Specifically it examines the difficulties posed by the lack of resources available for the present government which must nevertheless demonstrate that it is serious about its promises to transform the legacy of South African rule. It will argue that, barring rapid change in the region, the discovery and rapid exploitation of new natural resources or major Western assistance, the government's inability to meet mass expectations will pose major problems for the unity and stability of Namibia, not to mention its growth and development. While South Africa's role has been crucial, other external factors also place severe constraints on the autonomy of the new Namibian government. The second part of the study assesses the limits on state policy posed by the structure of the Namibian economy - especially its dependence on international capital in the mineral sector. Finally, the paper examines the effect of these cross pressures on Namibian politics. While the government's policy of racial and ethnic reconciliation has provided Namibia with a peaceful start as an independent state, it has not been achieved without cost and compromises that may eventually create problems for the preservation of SWAPO's political base. At the moment, the state lacks both the resources to engineer a rapid transformation of the economy of its people in Ovamboland and the bargaining power to win a major change in the working conditions of migrant labour in the mines and industries of the south. Yet these two groups, particularly the people of Ovamboland, were responsible for bringing SWAPO to power. The question remains as to how long S WAPO will retain their support and tolerance, especially given the expectations which independence has aroused.

Conflict mediation in decolonisation: Namibia’s transition to independence

Transfrontier Conservation Governance, Commodification of Nature, and the New Dynamics of Sovereignty in Namibia