Since the political crisis that accompanied the presidential elections in October– November 2019, Bolivia has been once again at the centre of debates over the achievements and shortcomings of reforms initiated under the Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) party (Valdivia Rivero, 2021). The electoral victory of October 2020 by MAS candidate and former Ministry of Finances Luis Arce represented a decided popular rejection of the reactionary Áñez government, which had been characterised by corruption, violence, repression and a nefarious handling of the Covid- 19 crisis (McNelly, 2021). While this was rightly celebrated by many as the reassertion of a democratically elected mandate, some of the structural contradictions that led to the October 2019 crisis remain. These relate to deep social and political divisions, not only between elites and popular classes, but cutting through popular classes themselves. In this chapter we focus specifically on the tensions and divergences between the two main subaltern political projects articulated in Bolivia in the last decades, and their respective visions with regard to territory and extractivism: the “state- campesino” project put forward primarily by the main rural worker or campesino unions, out of which the MAS emerged; and the “communitarian- Indigenous” project, advanced by Indigenous (indígena and originario) organisations in the country – as well as campesino communities not aligned with unions – today largely opposed to the MAS (Chávez, 2016).