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Burke Index
RESEARCH
10.09.2025, 10:27
Nepal, India and Sovereignty

Although the very first article of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the Government of India and the Government of Nepal of 1950 contains the message of mutual acknowledgement and respect for each other’s “complete sovereignty”, precisely this very concept of complete sovereignty has haunted since then the bilateral relations between the two sovereign states. Seemingly, India has always been showing only a grudging respect for Nepal’s independence. For its part, Nepal has always tried to assert that it deserves better. The sovereignty debate vis-à-vis India (but not only India) reached an all-time high during the formation of a technocratic electoral (or ministerial) council charged of conducting general elections or Constituent Assembly elections in November 2013. Almost all political pundits including some political leaders cogently claimed that the idea was “foreign” made and foisted on Nepal. Some even got a step further and speculated that, given the domestic mess, sooner or later Nepal would meet the same fate what the Himalayan state of Sikkim did or at least Bhutan for that matter. Sikkim was merged into the Union of India in 1975. However, it had already been India’s protectorate (Indo-Sikkim Treaty of 1950) unlike the sovereign status of Nepal vis-à-vis India. Bhutan submitted its foreign and security policy to India.