Introduction

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of Indian sovereignty using the methodology of the Burke Institute. Sovereignty is assessed in 7 areas: political, economic, technological, informational, cultural, cognitive and military. Each aspect is assessed on the basis of official data from international and national sources (UN, World Bank, UNESCO, IMF, ITU, FAO, SIPRI, PISA, etc.) without using politicized indexes. The maximum score in each direction is 100; the sum (up to 700) is the accumulated Sovereignty Index (Burke Index).

To adapt and adjust statistical parameters, an international expert survey was conducted for each of the seven components using a single questionnaire of 10 questions with a 10-point scale and one open-ended question.

In total, at least 100 experts from 50+ countries were interviewed for each indicator, taking into account geographical representation and specialization. When calculating and analyzing the data, equalizing coefficients were used, bringing all data to a scale of 0-10 points.

The final index value is the arithmetic mean between statistical data and expert estimates.

Below is an analysis in each area, a summary table and the main conclusions about the peculiarities of India's sovereignty.

Political sovereignty — 76.4

India is a founding member of the United Nations (1945), is a member of the G20, BRICS, SCO, WTO, Commonwealth of Nations, IMF, IBRD, IAEA, SAARC, BIMSTEC, IORA, Commonwealth and ISA. The main regional initiatives are Indian (for example, BIMSTEC, IORA). Delegation of authority to international organizations is limited and preserves national primacy in decisions, especially in trade and defense policy.

Limitation of the national legislation by international organizations / the supremacy of the national rights India uses a dualistic legal system: International law comes into force only after ratification by Parliament.

The Constitution is the supreme norm; in case of conflict, domestic law takes precedence. International treaties are binding only after the adoption of the relevant law by Parliament (Article 51 of the Constitution). Prime Minister Narendra Modi (BJP) He was re-elected for a third term in 2024. He heads the NDA coalition after losing the absolute majority.

The country remains politically stable, although internal contradictions between the center and the states and the growth of regionalism complicate governance.

The level of civil protests is controlled, and the federal system is stable. According to the assessment The World Bank (WGI 2023), an indicator of management effectiveness in India is 0.48 points (68th percentile in the world). This is one of the best results for South Asian countries. The index has doubled since 2014, with finance, digital bureaucracy, and tax reform (GST) being the strongest areas.

According to The UN Report 2024, India ranks 97th out of 193 with a value of 0.668 in the EGDI. For 2024, this is an increase of 8 positions compared to 2022 (index 0.588). Development is carried out through the Digital India, e-Seva and DigiLocker (electronic services platform) programs. The goal is to reach the top 50 by 2030.

According to Ipsos Global Trust Monitor (2023), India is the most trusted country in its government (52% trust). The Edelman Trust Barometer continuously records India is in the top 3 in terms of trust in government and business institutions.

Political personality Narendra Modi has a consistently high approval index (> 65%). India does not allow permanent foreign military bases on its territory — part of the doctrine of strategic autonomy. But it itself has foreign logistics points (Tajikistan, Oman, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles), which increases its regional influence in The Indian Ocean.

India is a member The Statute International Court of Justice and regularly participates in ICJ affairs (for example, “Kulbhushan Jadhav vs. Pakistan,” 2017). At the same time, the country has not ratified The Statute of the ICC (Rome Statute) and renounces its jurisdiction, asserting national priority in the field of criminal justice.

The Constitution India is creating a federal state with a strong center and 29 states / 8 territories. The center oversees foreign policy, defense, and finance, while the states oversees education, healthcare, and local government.

After the reforms of 2021-2024, there is a partial strengthening of federalism (the "Cooperative Federalism" program). Main departments — Intelligence Bureau (IB), Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) and the Defense Intelligence Agency. There is no official parliamentary oversight, similar to the West; control is carried out through the executive branch and National Security Council.

Nevertheless, the special services are regulated by the laws on civil service and national security, and their budgets are controlled by the Auditor General (Accounting Chamber).

Data completeness assessment: the main indicators are available from international sources, the coverage is 98%.

Economic sovereignty — 60.3

According to IMF and Trading Economics, GDP per capita (at purchasing power parity, PPP) in India in 2025 it amounted to 11,940 USD. In 2024 – USD 11,112; in 2026 it is expected to increase to India is one of the top 5 global economies (after the United States, China, Japan and Germany) and it is the largest in terms of growth (6.6% in 2025).

According to the data Reserve Bank India (RBI) as of June 2025 reserves amounted to 698.9 billion USD, which is a historical maximum. Structure: 589.4 billion in foreign investments Security – 11 months of imports and 96% of external debt — is the highest level of external financial stability.

According to the CEIC and the 2025-26 state budget, India's national debt is 57.2% of GDP, including domestic and external liabilities. In 2023 the level was 58.8%; reforms This is a moderate debt burden for a country with a rapidly growing GDP. FAO (2025): The wheat harvest is a record 117.5 million tons, and grain exports are 10% higher than average.

However, in 105th place out of 127, the category is "serious" due to unequal access and nutritional deficiencies. The State According to the Ministry of Energy of India and the Union Budget 2025, the share of non-fossil electricity production is 49% of the 476 GW of installed capacity. Distribution: 240 GW thermal, 110.9 GW. 

By 2030 the goal is 500 GW from clean sources; India is the leader in solar installations (2nd place in the world). India has global reserves of coal (389.4 billion tons, 55% proven), lignite (47.3 billion tons), iron ore, limestone, bauxite, manganese and titanium. Analysis of 2025 It records an increase in the exploration of critical metals (lithium, zirconium, copper).

According to the Central Water Commission (2024), India has 1,123 billion m3 of water resources, of which 63% is used in agriculture. 1,486 m3 per year, which is below the threshold of water stress (1,700 m3). Despite the Jal Jeevan Mission program, the country is experiencing a deficit in 65% of regions, especially in the south and west.

The main payment platform is UPI (Unified Payments Interface), created by NPCI in 2016. and controlled by RBI. 20 billion transactions per month, with a total value of ≈ 25 trillion rupees (293 billion USD). UPI accounts for 50% of the global volume of instant payments and 84 % of all digital payments in the country, this is the highest global level of the national financial technology. The Indian Rupee (Rs ₹) is used in about 25% of foreign trade operations India and is distributed in mutual Local Currency Trade agreements with the UAE, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Russia.

For the RBI, in 2025, he announced the goal of reaching 40 % of rubles in export operations by 2030. The issuing and monetary authority is the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), founded in 1935. and independent of the government.

The RBI determines the repo rate (6.50% in 2025), manages the issue of rupees and gold and foreign exchange reserves. Policy — flexible inflation targeting (4% ± 2%), liquidity control through the Monetary Policy Committee and regulations on UPI and CBDC (digital rupee).

Data completeness assessment: the main macroeconomic indicators are available from official sources (World Bank, IMF), coverage is 93%

Technological sovereignty — 73.1

According to the data The World Bank and the Vice Minister of Science India, volume Investments in scientific research amount to 0.7% of GDP. R&D costs have doubled in 10 years, but remain below the OECD average (2.4 – The main expenses are in defense, pharmaceutical and IT sectors. By 2030, it is planned to increase to 1 % GDP due to private investments and international alliances (USA, EU, Israel and Korea).

Atmanirbhar Bharat Government Policy and Production Linked Incentive (PLI) They are aimed at creating internal value chains in the production of equipment, microelectronics and renewable energy. India focuses on substitution of imports from China in the field of components, military electronics, hydrogen and nuclear technologies.

The transition from assembly to full technological production is underway, but the import of high-tech products from China still exceeds 40 %. According to the World Bank, the proportion of the population with higher education (tertiary coverage) It is 33.1% (2023).

According to Economic Review 2024 25, higher education enrollment rate (18-23 years) It has grown from 2,328.4% in 8 years, and the number of universities has reached 58,643. The growth rate is about 13.8% per year.

According to IAMAI and Datareportal, in January 2025 There were 806 million Internet users in India (55.3% of the population). By the end of 2025, it is expected to grow to 900 million (≈ 60% coverage) due to the strong distribution in rural areas and content in national languages.

India is developing unified portals and services: India.gov.in, UMANG, DigiLocker, e-Hospital, myGov, and GeM are government marketplaces for purchases. Portal India.gov.in. It unites more than 6,700 government resources, runs on the NIC infrastructure and provides access to thousands of all platforms are part of the Digital India strategy 2021-2026 (budget Rs 14,903 crore). India is still dependent on the import of components: 56% of electronics, telecom and electrical equipment are accounted for by China and Hong Kong.

The import of integrated circuits and micro-components reaches more than USD 4 billion per year, mainly due to the lack of their own Nevertheless, PLI programs for electronics have been introduced and state-owned sites for the production of chips in the United States have been created. 

Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. Digital India Initiative (2015) — one of the largest programs in the world, providing for a 100% transition to digitized public services. Aadhaar (1.3 billion ID), UPI, CoWIN (vaccination), e-Kranti, GatiShakti. The year is 2025: digital operations in public services are > 95% (according to MEITY), the tax and public procurement sectors are automated. The biotech sector is one of the most growing in the economy India.

The volume of the biotech industry has grown from 10 billion in 2014. up to USD 130 billion in 2024 and expects 150 billion USD in 2025. The new E3 goVIO ("Biotechnology for Economy, Employment, Environment") plans to transform India will become a global biotech leader by 2030. 60% of global vaccine production and the second largest number of USFDA plants outside the United States.

The Robotics market India in 2025 is estimated at USD 5.4 billion, an increase of 20% per year. Key participants: GreyOrange, Gridbots, Systemantics, Hi-Tech Robotics, Tata Elxsi. Robots are widely used in the automotive industry (40%), logistics and pharmaceuticals; Joint research is being conducted at IIT Bombay and IISc Bangalore.

The autonomy is medium high: The design base is national, and the hardware is partially imported. India is actively creating its own semiconductor ecosystem. Foxconn Semicon (Gujarat) and Micron Tech India (Surat) production of 30-40 nm chips. IP imports are declining, but they have been declining under the India Semicon Mission Program (USD 10 billion), full localization is planned by 2030.

Data completeness assessment: key indicators are obtained from WIPO, ITU, UNESCO, which provides 93% coverage.

Information sovereignty — 73.2

India entered the Tier 1 sector of the ITU Global Cybersecurity Ranking (2024), scoring 98.49 points on the Global Cybersecurity Index. NCERT In (Ministry of Electronics and IT) — the body coordinating the prevention and elimination of cyber attacks, the dissemination of alerts and the development of incident management.

National Cyber Security Strategy (2025), which includes the Trusted Telecom Directive and the National the Cyber Swachhta Kendra initiative. India has developed a powerful network of IXPs (Internet Exchange Points) controlled by DE CIX and the National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI). By 2025 There are 10 IXP nodes in the country, providing low-latency traffic exchange and interconnect of dozens of providers.

IXPs are the base of the Digital Infrastructure for $5 Trillion program. Eco India has 22 official and 121 recognized languages, and 86 % The population prefers content in their native language. The SBS model is implemented through DD News, Jagran, Zee Media and MapmyIndia, which strengthens the national identity and classroom accessibility.

The Competition Act (2002, ed.) has been in force since 2024. 2023) and the prepared Digital Competition Bill (2025) against monopolies and self-promotion of digital giants. CCI Regulator (Competition Commission of India).

The new law introduces the term SSDE (Systematically Significant Digital Enterprise) for the control of platforms similar to the EU (DMA). The total volume of the Indian media industry market is USD 30 billion (2024) with growth to USD 48 billion by 2030. 52% of OTT platforms' content was created in regional languages; national players (Zee, Sony LIV, Hotstar, Eros Now) occupy > 50% of the market.

The share of internal content in advertising is 46% according to Crisil, while the share of YouTube and local platforms is growing. India is a global leader in development Software and outsourcing.

Top companies in 2025: Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys, Wipro, Tech Mahindra, HCL Tech, Enaviya IT, and Persistent Systems. IT export $250 billion, share in GDP is 9-10%. The sector employs more than 5.8 million people, mainly in AI, blockchain, IoT and fintech development.

Digital India Program (launched in 2015) provided 95% access to digital services through Aadhaar (1.3 billion IDs), UPI and DigiLocker. UMANG includes 1600+ public services at the central and staff levels. The population with access to Internet services is 806 million (55%), with a wide coverage of rural regions.

As part of the MeghRaj Initiative (2024) state-owned data storage platforms for maintaining registers have been launched Aadhaar, GST, Digital Locker, CoWIN.

These services operate through the Government Cloud (G Cloud), NISG infrastructure, and NIC. In parallel, Partnership Cloud is developing with Infosys and Tech Mahindra — localized storage for the states. India is one of the most autonomous telecom systems in the world: The operators Reliance Jio, Bharti Airtel, Vodafone Idea, BSNL are all in national jurisdiction.

According to TRAI (2025), the number of mobile subscribers is 1.14 billion, of which 130 million are on 5G. The service area covers 99 % the population, including 900 million Internet users. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act that came into force (2023) guarantees the protection of citizens’ data and sets strict requirements for data processors.

Data Protection Board of India, accountable to the Ministry of Electronics and expects penalties of up to ₹250 crore (≈ $30 million). The law covers all organizations, including foreign ones, that process Indian user data, and establishes the principle of "information sovereignty."

Data completeness assessment: infrastructure indicators are available from ITU, CIRA, OECD and specialized sources, coverage is 94%.

Cultural sovereignty — 93.3

According to UNESCO and Ministry of Culture (2025), 44 World Heritage sites are registered in India — 32 cultural, 7 natural and 1 mixed. There are 662 objects, including the Valley Kangera, Megaliths Telingans, Edicts Ashoka and Temples Gupta. India ranks 6th in the world in terms of the number of facilities.

The creative industry India (cinema, art, fashion, religious tourism, crafts) It generates more than US$180 billion and about 3% of GDP. Indian Cinema (Bollywood+Regional cinematographies) It produces > 1,700 films per year and is the leader in terms of volume. The main state awards are:

- Padma Awards (Bhushan, Vibhushan, Sri) — the highest civilian award for contributions to culture, art and education;

National Film Awards (established in 1954, including "For the Best Cultural Film");

- Sahitya Akademi Awards, Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards, Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship, Bharat Ratna (the country's highest state award). Indian identity is based on the principle of "Unity in Diversity" It includes ancient religious and cultural traditions.

The main elements are religious pluralism (6 leading religions), linguistic and ethnic diversity, and the arts.  The national slogan is "Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas" ("With everyone and for everyone"). The Ministry of Minority Affairs implements programs Nai Manzil, USTTAD, Seekho aur Kamao, financing education and crafts for Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists and Parsis.

In 2025 approved Support for the cultures of indigenous tribes and minorities — through Ministry of Tribal Affairs and ICCR.

According to the data Ministry of Culture and ASI (2025), there are ~4,500 major cultural institutions in India, including:

- Lalit Kala, Sangeet Natak, Sahitya Akademies;

- The Archaeological Service India (ASI) with > 3,700 protected monuments; - National Museums (22), ICC and IGNCA for Art and documentation.

The National Mission on Cultural Mapping is digitizing all regional facilities by 2026. From 2023 to 2025, 48 projects have been implemented under Cultural Exchange Programs (CEPs) through Ministry of Culture and ICCR.

– a series of G20 projects ("Together We Art", "Sur Vasudha", "Routes and Roots");

– exhibitions "Re(ad)dress" in Khajuraho and "Sustain: Craft Idiot" in Bhubaneswar. For 2025, cooperation agreements have been signed with 88 countries, and 102 more are under preparation. Created by the national. Initiatives for the protection of traditional knowledge and works are the National Mission on Cultural Mapping and the Mission for Manuscripts.

The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) and the legal mechanism for the protection of traditional cultural expressions (TCE), including the registration of geographical indications (e. g. Kancheepuram Silk, Darjeeling Tea).

ICCR oversees the branding of cultural symbols India abroad. Indian cuisine is very diverse, with regional variations by state.: Pahari, Marathi, Kerala, Punjabi, Gujarati, Bengali and Northeastern.

Export of spices and ready meals in 2024 exceeded 4.3 billion USD, kitchen India in TOP 5 most influential in the world. According to the data Ministry of Culture (2025), annually in the National More than 400 million people participate in events (Rashtriya Utsav, Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat, Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav).

Through the platform Utsav.gov.in 1,200+ festivals and events per year are registered in Cultural practices (festivals, theaters, wedding rituals) cover up to 75-80 % population, what does Indian culture is massive and vibrant.

Data completeness assessment: basic indicators are available in UNESCO and national statistics, coverage is 97%.

Cognitive sovereignty — 70.4

In 2025 India ranks 130th out of 193 countries in the ranking. UN; the HDI value is 0.644. Since 2010, the country has been progressing, life has grown to 67.7 years, the expected duration of education is 12.6 years, and the average is 6.57.

Budget expenditures on education in 2025 They account for 4.6 % of GDP; budget financing amounts to 1.28 trillion rupees (+6.5% by 2024).

The share of total public expenditures ranges from 13.5% to For 2025 The literacy rate of the population is estimated at 77.7% (2021 – 74.4%).

Leading States: Kerala (96.2%), Delhi (88.7). The imbalances: In rural areas and among women, the literacy rate is significantly lower than the average.

India participated in PISA-2022, the figures were published in 2023:

– Reading — 367

– Mathematics — 366

– Science — 373

This is significantly lower than the OECD average (435-447), but India has returned to PISA after an 11-year hiatus, and the indicators are estimated to be initial, taking into account regional inequalities.

By 2025, 34% of all graduates in India are STEM majors, which is one of the highest rates in the world (about 1.5 million STEM graduates annually). In 2024-25, there are 15 foreign universities in India (USA, Australia, Great Britain), and about 120 joint programs (dual degrees, exchanges) are available.

NEP 2020 encourages international collaborations, budget support for foreign image There are 340 recognized languages and 22 official languages in India, and the Constitution guarantees the protection of cultures and languages of small ethnic groups.

Cases: language preservation will be in Assam, Tulu support in Karnataka. An image has been created There are more than 65 national and central institutes in the country (IISc, TIFR, AIIMS, NCL, ISRO, BARC, etc.), about 800 R&D laboratories. The number of users of national platforms exceeds 100 million people. DIKSHA (online school), SWAYAM (higher education), e Vidya, NPTEL, NISHTHA.

The national coverage rate is ≥ 95% in the public and school system. There are major programs in operation:

— Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)

— INSPIRE (Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research)

— Skill India Mission (more than 7 million graduates per year),

— Scholarships for PhD, IT, STEM The total portfolio for 2025 for centralized and regional programs is ~4 billion USD.

Data completeness assessment: education indicators are available in the UNDP, UNESCO, OECD, coverage is 97%.

Military sovereignty — 75.8

In fiscal year 2025/26, India's military budget is 1.9% of GDP (681,210 crore rupees ≈$77.4 billion), an increase of 9.5% compared to last year. About 26% is allocated for purchases, 75% of new equipment is locally produced. India has 1,475,750 active military personnel, 1,155,000 reservists, and 1.6 million paramilitary personnel.

The total military potential is more than 4.2 million people. In 2025, a 15-year modernization plan was adopted: purchases of F 35, Tejas Mk1A, the army will be equipped with 1,800 new tanks, 350 UAVs, hypersonic weapons and AI systems.

The priorities include cyber defense, satellite communications, shipbuilding, nuclear submarines and modern attack helicopters.

65% of the weapons are of Indian origin. 75% of the modernization budget is directed to domestic purchases, production is growing under the auspices of "Make in India": HAL, BEL, Bharat Dynamics, Mazagon Dock, BEML, DRDO, Adani Defense, Tata, L&T, 16,000 partner companies each. The main bodies are BSF (the length of control is 6,386 km), ITBP (the Chinese border is more than 2,100 km), SSB, Assam Rifles.

Maritime Border Protection — Navy and Indian Coast Guard. Internal coordination with the Ministry of Internal Affairs. 1.15 million reservists — Army Reserve, Territorial Army, volunteers. Plus, paramilitaries (BSF, SSB, ITBP, Assam Rifles) can be deployed militarily. The reserve is also actively used to respond to emergencies.

India is formally outside the alliances and maintains the doctrine of strategic autonomy. A member of the SCO, BRICS, Quad, is not a member of NATO and does not allow the deployment of allied forces.

Decisions are made by the Defense Council (Cabinet + Chiefs of Staff); U.S./French influence/Russia’s involvement in the military-technological cooperation is great, but the final word belongs to the national leadership. There are 16 Defense Public Sector Entities in the country (HAL, BEL, BDL...), 400+ licensed enterprises, and a network of 16,000 SMEs. Private players are growing: Tata, Adani, L&T, Kalyani.

The largest projects are Tejas, Arjun, BrahMos, and Astra. Production of ships (Mazagon), submarines, satellites, drones and projectiles. India is among the top 6 nuclear powers: 170 warheads, 0 in storage (all assets); strategic triad — Agni ballistic missiles, Prithvi, Arihant submarines, aviation.

A policy of selective preventive use ("No First Use", a declared but flexible approach).

• Military Space: Divided between ISRO (civilian/dual-use) and Defense Space Agency (since 2019). In 2025, DSA manages the GSAT, RISAT 2BR1 (exploration), and ASAT (satellite destruction) series of satellites.

• Intelligence: RAW (Research & Analysis Wing), IB (Intelligence Bureau), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), NTRO (National Technical Research Organization, satellites, SigInt, Cyber).

All parameters are reflected in the annual reports of SIPRI, UNODA, the Ministry of Defense, the official portals of state-owned companies (Embraer, IMBEL) and industry databases of UN/NGO – 94% coverage

Final Summary Table

The main conclusions

Strengths. Demographic and human potential India is the youngest G20 state: More than 65% of the population is under 35 years of age. The demographic dividend ensures long-term growth in the workforce and consumption.

Economic growth and the domestic market GDP are growing by 6.5–6.7% per year, maintaining its leadership in the G20 in terms of growth rates. India is among the top 5 global economies, and by 2030 it will become the third after the USA and China 

He was growing up Digital infrastructure and fintech sovereignty The Digital India and UPI programs have created the most massive payment ecosystem in the world, with 20 billion transactions per month and 84% digitization of payments. 

More than 95% of public services are available in electronic form; Indian platforms (DigiLocker, SWAYAM, India.gov.in) they cover all levels of interaction between citizens and the state.

Scientific and technological potential India is a global leader in IT outsourcing and software (TCS, Infosys, Wipro, HCL), biotechnology (USD 150 billion market), developing robotics and instrumentation. 34% of graduates are STEM, and biotech produces 60% of the world's vaccines. Military and political independence India is a nuclear power (170 warheads), retains the "No First Use" doctrine and a high level of strategic autonomy is 65 %.

The cultural and civilizational "soft power" of 44 UNESCO sites, global influence through cinema, yoga, gastronomy and a diaspora of 60 million people. The ICCR and Ministry of Culture programs are one of the elements of peaceful cultural exports and the image of "Greater Asia".

Financial stability and gold and foreign exchange reserves The RBI reserves are $698.9 billion, one of the largest in the G20; inflation is low, the rupee exchange rate is stable, and the repo rate is flexibly targeted (6.5%).

Advanced cybersecurity and digital shield India are in the Tier 1 group of the ITU Global Cyber Security Index; CERT In coordinates the response, and the national strategy (2025) supports the highest level of infrastructure protection.

Cultural wealth and community engagement 80 % the population participates in cultural practices, festivals and images; more than 400 million are involved in national events and the platform Utsav.gov.in.

International positioning and influence Active participation in BRICS, SCO, QUAD, G20 and The United Nations, while maintaining neutrality between the West and The Global South; the growing diplomatic weight in the region The Indo-Pacific belt.

Weaknesses. Low per capita income with the rapid growth of the economy, GDP per capita (≈$2,500 nominal, $11,900 PPP) it remains low against the background of developed countries and China.

Inequality and regional divide Different density of states’ development — Kerala, Tamil Nadu represents the highest level of HDI (0,800), Bihar and Uttar Pradesh are low (0.530). Low level of education and PISA results Despite 99% coverage of primary education, quality indicators are weak: low PISA scores (≈ 370 points), adult literacy 77%.

Lack of infrastructure and food stress India ranks 105th in the Global Hunger Index; Water shortages and rural sector congestion limit sustainable development. Import dependence in high-tech industries 56 % of imports of electronics and microchips are from China and Hong Kong; chip production is in its infancy, and technological autonomy is low.

Bureaucracy and administration Government Effectiveness — 0.48 according to WGI; high costs of bureaucracy, slow response to social reforms. Social and religious tension Despite minority protection programs, the strengthening of religious nationalist tendencies may limit internal consolidation.

Water and environmental stress shortage of fresh water (1,486 m3 per person/year) Urban pollution is a structural risk factor for the agricultural and industrial sectors. Limited military depth and dependence on partner technology with a strong army and a nuclear arsenal India depends on technology imports (France, Russia, Israel, USA) and it also achieves balance in AUKUS and QUAD formats.

Low productivity and urbanization More than 40% of the economy is still in the rural sector; urbanization of about 36% is below the global average (56%).

Overall assessment. India's Cumulative sovereignty Index is 522.5 out of 700 points (above the average of 74.6%), which places the country in the top 50 in the global top. India in 2025 represents a unique model of an emerging giant — a combination of high economic, digital and demographic potential with still relatively low income and technological maturity.

Main forces: demographic resources, high growth rates, digitalization, scientific and cultural "soft power," strong The IT sector, and strategic autonomy in defense policy. Main weaknesses: infrastructural lag, inequality, educational gap, water and technological deficit. India remains the fastest growing and potentially the third center of the 21st century world, combining economic pragmatism, digital leadership and civilizational identity.

The sovereignty profile indicates that India in 2025 is a multidimensional example of "soft and hard power" The middle type of sovereignty: internal autonomy, digital and financial self-sufficiency, high cultural influence, with limitations in the technological sector and equality of regional development.